Dr Eastlund hasn’t been sitting around either. He’s got other projects that he’s been working on that are quite interesting. And one of those recently in fact of October 2005, he presented a paper at Penn State on weather modification utilizing gravitational waves. Now what’s important about this paper, extremely important about this paper is that it talks about being able to modify weather using 1600 times less energy than was anticipated for weather modifications applications using HAARP. In other words, 1600 times less energy than was once thought to be needed, it’s now understood by him, as a physicist, in a major university presentation, to be possible. Now when you think about weather modification, one of the other things that happened with Dr Eastlund is he was invited by the European Space Agency to do a paper on weather modification using the HAARP systems, that was completed in 1999 and presented for peer review at a major space expo in Europe. Coming off of that paper, FEMA and NASA contracted with Dr Eastlund to prepare a paper utilizing space based technologies, satellite based technologies for weather modification applications. And one of the things that he saw and that he mentions in both of these papers, is for instance being able to affect tornadoes. And the idea of tornadoes, you know you have a warm front coming into contact with a cold front, and when they come together you get a sheering force that causes that twisting action where you get the tornado formation. So the idea of Eastlund was, if you could heat the cold front sufficiently, that when these two fronts connected you didn’t get that energy differential to create that tornado formation, you could essentially knock out tornadoes. The problem is of course if you missed and you heat the already heated area so that there’s even a greater differential when it encounters the cold front, you have more energy available to create even a more destructive tornado. The fact of the matter is other governments around the world have taken this very seriously, including our own, and has invested a significant amount of money, to look at how to affect these things.

There’s a couple of other applications of HAARP that I want to talk a little bit about. The first one, and these are the two probably most controversial areas of HAARP, the first one deals with the idea of manipulating weather systems. And this is a very important issue. Because, again, you’re dealing with concepts that have been attempted over the years. In fact these days you’ve actually got the United States Congress, two bills pending, one in the Senate one in the House, to create a commission for review of weather modification technology, because commercial interests are now advancing them along with other militaries from around the world. So you’ve got economic interest interested as much as the military in controlling weather outcomes, and climate outcomes for obvious advantage and reasons. But it creates problems, and here’s what happens with HAARP. HAARP is actually capable of, in fact the early versions were called ionospheric heaters because they literally would heat the ionosphere. And when you think of this area being heated, it’s about 30 miles in diameter above the facility itself. And when you heat the area by affecting this region, you literally push it up. So it goes up and out into space perhaps as far as 200 kilometers. Instead of being 30 miles above the Earth’s surface, now you’re almost a couple hundred miles potentially out into space with this column. And the lower atmosphere below rushes in to fill that space. Now what happens then? Firstly, any satellite that was a low orbiting satellite, zipping through space, hits this area, hits this energized area that’s supposed to be there then all the sudden it encounters friction and the satellite burns up and it crashes, so as an anti-satellite technology. The Russians, the Strategic Studies Institute in London reported, that they had actually looked at Russian papers that had a concept for incoming comets and asteroids. You know most of these things when they come into our atmosphere, they burn up. Because you’ve got this 30 miles where these objects are coming in at such high velocities, they encounter friction and they begin to burn up and break up and nothing ever hits the Earth. But big objects make it to ground and big problems can occur accordingly. But think about, instead of 30 miles, maybe having 210 miles of range and distance of atmosphere to break up those incoming objects. Much larger objects could be destroyed in that way. That was some of the research the Russians had done utilizing the technology and their heaters back in the 70s.

What happened in all of this development was this excitement from ARCO because here it was they were going to make money on gas they could never make money on before. But what happened is, the company went through some controversies, some changes, the company eventually sold. Actually ARCo’s no longer here. But the company itself, a subsidiary was later sold to another organization called E-Systems. And E-Systems was the subject of Washington Post reports back in the early 90s. They predominantly were, at that time, a $2.1 billion dollar company, with the vast majority of their income derived from what are called black projects. Projects so secret even the U.S. Congress doesn’t know what they’re funding. And the citations regarding that are also in the book Angels Don’t Play This HAARP. The point is, this company ends up with the patents and the subsidiary, and what did they do? They sold out. They sold to none other than Raytheon Corporation, the losing bigger on the first project in the beginning. So Raytheon ends up with the intellectual property, they end up with that project and later sold to British Aerospace, which is an interesting change of events and that was in 2003. The project also shifted in 2003 from the Navy and the Air Force over to DAARPA which is the defense department’s research agency that deals with, again, very very classified research and projects.

But let’s get back to some of the other applications of HAARP and some of the other things that it can do. One of the other applications that came up early on is the idea of what’s called earth penetrating tomography. Let me make that really simple. By analogy, it would be like X-raying the Earth, or looking into the Earth several kilometers or several miles deep to look at underground structures, or mineral deposits, nuclear facilities, tunnels, mining facilities, all those kinds of things can be detected by Earth penetrating tomography. Now, the way that this would work with HAARP is really unique, and this again going back to Dr. Eastlund’s patents. By sending this energy up, this focused energy up into the ionosphere, what they can do is they can pulse the energy so it acts like a punch. So it’s punching the ionosphere with this force that causes the ionosphere to vibrate in resonance in harmony with this signal on the ground.

Brooks Agnew is an interesting guy. He’s a specialist in earth penetrating tomography and actually there’s an article by him posted on my website at www.earthpulse.com. At that site you can read the article in detail. But basically what he found is back during the 80s and 90s he was doing work in Earth penetrating tomography for the oil industry. And what he was able to do, is with 30 watts of power, which is nothing compared to 1 billion watts of effective radiated power with HAARP. But, with 30 watts of power he was able to get profiles of ground strata several kilometers deep. And he actually used this with a company that’s now fairly well known, Haliburton. He went around to 9 states and 26 known drill sites where they actually knew exactly what the ground strata was and the oil and gas grades that were there. And Brooks Agnew with his technology, Earth penetrating tomography, was able to determine with 99% accuracy, not only the ground strata differentials, but whether there was oil and gas in the ground and the quality of those oil and gas deposits. That is an incredible technology considering that the method of use was not disturbing in terms of natural systems at those very low power levels. Yet, you know when you think about oil and gas, those are public resources, having certainty about where to drill and what to do would certainly change the dynamics of how the industry competitively fought for those resources, and would have huge implications in the economies of the world. But the point of the matter is, that technology is not being used for mineral exploration today, it’s being used primarily for military applications as is the case with HAARP.

But when you get in to Earth penetrating tomography, the problem that Brooks Agnew has and others have voiced is the idea of the energy concentrations. Because what he knew is that if you used too much energy, in his worst case scenario, you could trigger geologic events, earthquakes, those kinds of events could be triggered using high energy densities in the ELF range. In fact there was a DoD news briefing. It goes back to April 27, 1997, and it was at the University of Georgia and it was Secretary of Defense William Cohen and he was commenting on weapons of mass destruction. Remember that’s way before 9/11. And one of the weapons of mass destruction he cited were environmental weapons systems utilizing electromagnetic energy for triggering earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and climate alterations.

If you take it a little bit further and you start to look at this whole concept of using a system on the ground to aggravate the ionosphere. Now what else happens when that lower atmosphere rushes in, you also change pressure systems in the immediate region in terms of lows and highs and the way those pressure systems work and the way in which jet streams flow, by altering the flow of jet streams, by altering the way the atmosphere’s located within an area, that’s where you can get these huge problems.

Back in 1977 the United States ratifies a treaty where we agreed to not use environmental manipulation as a weapon of war, whether it be to create earthquakes or tidal waves, or volcanic eruptions or disturb the weather, all of these things were restricted under that treaty when they involve national boundaries or crossing national boundaries. Like most U.S. treaties, the exemption is for domestic use. The treaties we sign with all these other countries have a clause within them that allows use of the technologies that might be forbidden against another country, to be used within the boundaries of your own country.

And as we took this issue on, there was an underlying problem as well. Some of the things that were developed by the inventor, ideas that should be explored were being ignored, because military had no interest. A good example was Dr. Eastlund had this idea that using radio frequency energy you could actually trigger chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere, which in fact you can, I mean it’s well known. But what you can do by triggering these reactions is you could actually create ozone. In other words if ozone depletion is truly a problem, here you have a system that can replenish ozone utilizing known laws of science. Likewise, knocking out particular pollutants, again by understanding their interactions with radio frequency energy to be able to neutralize pollutants in the environment. None of these things are being looked at and yet they offer huge potentials. I’ve had lots of conversations with Dr Eastlund over the years, and you know he’s got a much different view. I mean he’s a senior scientist, an outstanding physicist on the world scene. His concepts today for advancing energy systems and ways to really free people and utilize the science, not for our destruction but for its enhancement. And I think that’s where lots of science gets misused when those using it are only seeing certain applications.

But let’s get down to the most controversial issue dealing with HAARP which is the physical effects on human health. And I want to get into the ELF effects because this is extremely important. And there’s another video in this series on mind control which gets into this idea of being able to be overridden by radio frequency energy from the outside. This is what we know from the research. If you go back to mid 1980s there was a document called Low Intensity Conflict in Modern Technologies produced at Maxwell Airforce Base and has a section in it on electromagnetic weapons systems where it gets into a whole discussion of what was possible. if you even go back further you’ve got to go back to a book called Unless Peace Comes published in 1969. Within that is a chapter called How to Wreck Your Environment. The guy that wrote it was Gordan MacDonald. He was a full professor at UCLA and a science advisor to President Johnson when he was in the presidency. And he had written back then that if we could ever figure out how to electronically stroke the ionosphere in just the right way, we could return a signal to the Earth that would literally manipulate the behavior of people over huge geographic areas. That was JF Gordon MacDonald’s ideas. But we didn’t have a way to electronically stroke the ionosphere and create that kind of returning signal. Later in a book by Zbigniew Brzezinski, it was a book called Between Two Ages, and in this book is a reiteration of JF Gordan’s ideas of, again, being able to electronically stroke the ionosphere and return a signal to the Earth. And this particular book by Brzezinski – and Brzezinski for those who don’t remember he later became National Security Adviser to President Carter. At the time he wrote the book he was a professor and researcher at Columbia university. But, here’s this idea, now how do you electronically stroke the ionosphere? That’s exactly what HAARP does.

And this is what the military research has shown, is that you can affect everything down to the molecular level if you understand enough about the physics of the body and the math of radio frequency energy’s relationship to it, you can manipulate radio frequency energy to affect the body. And this is what they did actually in a study sponsored by the Airforce. The study was at the University of Utah. It was completed in 1985 and it was under the auspices of the science advisory board to the Airforce and it produced what is called the radio frequency dosimetry handbook. Simple language, it’s the dosage of radio frequency energy necessary to override every vital organ in the body including the brain, whether it be the liver, the kidney, the hearth, the lungs, to interfere with their natural performance as a weapon application. Now again you’re talking about energy that is different, we’re talking about a whole different view of warfare. We’re using energy as the base. These technologies are now being developed for things like the active denial system which is using knowledge of microwave millimeter waves to affect the body to create pain or heat sensation, affecting only the nerve endings on the surface of the body. But these basic principles apply to the entire living organism.

The death dumps, otherwise known as chemical trails, are being dropped and sprayed throughout the United States and England, Scotland, Ireland, and Northern Europe. And I have personally seen them not only in the United States, but in Mexico and in Canada. Birds are dying around the world. Fish are dying by the hundreds of thousands around the world. This is genocide. This is poison. This is murder by the United Nations. This element within our society that’s doing this must be stopped. I happen to know of two of the locations where the airplanes are that dump this crap on us. Four of the planes are out of the Air National Guard in Lincoln, Nebraska. And, the other planes are out of Fort Sill, Oklahoma. I personally have observed the planes that were standing still in Nebraska – Lincoln, Nebraska – at the Air National Guard. They have no markings on them. They are huge bomber like airplanes with no markings. This is a crime, crime against humanity, a crime against America, a crime against the citizens of this great country. They must be stopped. What is wrong with congress? This has an affect on their population, and their people, and their friends, and their relatives, and themselves. What’s wrong with them? What’s wrong with the pilots who are flying these airplanes? They are dumping this crap, this poison, on their own families. Somebody has to do something about it. Somebody in Congress has to step forward and stop it now. Thank you. I’m Ted Gunderson.

Our journey started in San Diego California where thousands of scientists, engineers, policy makers and journalists gathered for the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference. One of the topics was the artificial manipulation of the Earth’s climate, also called geoengineering. During the meeting, scientists spoke about the plausibility of implementing geoengineering campaigns throughout the world, under the guise of preventing global warming. One widely accepted theory was to block the sun by spraying something into the atmosphere. When they were asked about existing aerosol programs they stated clearly that no such programs had ever been implemented. But strangely these proposals sounded exactly like what people around the world are claiming is already happening.

These other things we’re talking about are not the same phenomena at all. These planes go by and they billow out this white smoke, and it covers the sky from horizon to horizon and it doesn’t dissipate at all. And they crisscross each other. And you see this thing cover the sky and turn it milky and then people start having trouble breathing and then you hear stories about the aluminum and barium deposits that they’re picking up in the residue. You put it all together and I don’t see how anybody who’s got their eyes open and their mind open can come to any other conclusion that somebody is spending a lot of money and effort to spray the planet. The question is, why? I have my own theories, but I hope there will be some good investigative reporters go out there and get us the answer. I know that whenever it’s finally discovered, and it will be, the people who are doing it will undoubtedly say ‘we did it for you folks’.

I gotta tell ya I came away from this experience after listening to these scientists for 4 days, 4 days of symposiums, really concerned. Because, it’s clear now that they are justifying, rationalizing, looking to legitimize some really really horrible impacts, further impacts on our environment. They’re basically formulating the sales strategy and the implementation and oversight strategy and the funding strategy.

Aluminum is toxic and we know that it’s accumulative. And we know that we’re getting more through absorbing it in the air, we’re drinking it in the water so we are accumulating more. So the thought of more aluminum being dispersed in our environment in the way that you mentioned is very frightening to us, very disturbing to us. Those of us who have done any research on this are really quite concerned that we are ill informed about this issue and mostly that it’s being done. Aluminum is toxic. We know that it is. We can debate as to the amount of toxicity that is going to disturb the body, really accepting the fact that it’s accumulative, it’s synergistic, then we have to conclude that it’s not a good idea to put it in our atmosphere…

we should have like 2 ppm of aluminum in our air and this is saying that there’s 39,000 ppm of aluminum. That’s astronomical. Barium is high. I mean these are way off the charts of what people should be breathing or what’s coming down on them.

Venezuelan leader Hugo Chavez has once again accused the United States of playing God. But this time it’s Haiti’s disastrous earthquake that he thinks the U.S. was behind. Spanish newspaper ABC quotes Chavez as saying that the U.S. navy launched a weapon capable of inducing a powerful earthquake off the shore of Haiti. He adds that this time it was only a drill and the final target is destroying and taking over Iran. The existence of a tectonic weapon has never been proved, but its use is often suspected by conspiracy theorists. For example the leader of Georgia’s Green Party accused Russia of being behind an earthquake in Georgian territory in 2002.

First let me give you a little bit of a background on who I am. I’m Dr. Nick Begich. I’m a author and lecturer. I have a doctorate in traditional and complimentary medicines. I was born and raised and spent most of my life here in Alaska. I also work as the executive director for the Lay Institute on Technologies based in Dallas, Texas. Its main mission is to educate the public on the impacts and repercussions of technologies so that we can be prepared in this century.

The first topic today that we want to cover is updates on the HAARP story. The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Project, which many people are familiar with. This project initially was a joint effort of the Air Force and Navy, to build large radio transmitters here in Alaska. These transmitters would occupy a huge area. Initially it was 48 antenna in the array. These are antennas that are 72ft tall, have a cross dipole so across the top you’ll see this type of a shape. These are about 70ft across, there’s 48 in the array. Eventually at the end of this coming summer, summer of 2005, we’ll be seeing 180 antennas in the array and eventually the full array will be 360 antenna.

The idea between the radio frequency generators is to focus radio frequency energy in a much different way than most of us think about radio frequency energy coming off of an antenna, if we think of it at all. But when you think about it, when you go back to the original companies that started this project, it was a company called Arco Power Technologies Inc which was a subsidiary of Atlantic Richfield, one of the largest oil and gas companies at that time operating in Alaska. They sold that subsidiary to Esystems, which is a large military contractor based in Washington DC, who later sold it to Raytheon, who later sold it to British Aerospace which now controls that technology. But in the course of that, one of the things that they had talked about was what’s called Earth penetrating tomography. This idea of sending a signal up into the ionosphere, oscillating that signal off the ionosphere, which actually causes that layer 30 miles above the Earth’s surface, to begin to vibrate in harmony with the signal on the ground causing it to act as a giant broadcast antenna sending that signal back down to the Earth. And it passes through the Earth and sea in the form of an ELF. An extremely low frequency signal. A very long wavelength that efficiently passes through the Earth. And that can be used for a number of things including Earth penetrating tomography, the idea of looking into the Earth, or in plain language it would be by comparison like X-raying the Earth. You’re looking into the Earth for underground mineral layers, underground shelters, nuclear facilities and the like.

Brooks (Agnew) concern was much broader in terms of what could be triggered with Earth penetrating tomography. And one of the things that he noted was, the effect of resonance. This idea of sending energy in, it harmonizes in such a way that causes the energy to actually to be more than the sum of the total. It’s like the old WWI stories where the armies were marching across wooden bridges in Europe, and some hours after they had marched across, the bridges would just collapse. And it was the rhythmic beat of the march across that bridge that set up essentially a vibration that eventually collapsed the entire structure. This idea of resonance when applied to Earth penetrating tomography at very high power levels causes concern for many scientists including Brooks Agnew. Because what he believes is possible, is to trigger events within the Earth. Geophysical events – earthquake, volcanic eruptions, the kinds of things that may already be on the edge of discharge, and with the right resonant energies added into the system, cause them to overload and actually fracture. In fact it was William Cohen who actually made the statement regarding weapons of mass destruction and the idea of generating earthquakes artificially.

Now this is a report about terrorism. Who you think are the biggest terrorists on this Earth today? Yeah we’re talking about the World Health Organization. We’re talking about the UN. We’re talking about NATO, CFR, Trilateral Commission. These you’re going to find are the biggest terrorists in the world and they are under the cover of reputable organizations. But there’s one thing about their lies; sooner or later they get found out.
Now we know about the HAARP and I call them the clouds of white death (chemtrails). The two of them are causing the clouds of white death. Ill tell you why.
We waited for a certain rain to come as a result of the HAARP activity and the chemtrails, then we tested the water. And you’re going to remember a clip which I’m going to show you in a moment or two, but we took that water also to a couple of universities, and with a couple of scientist friends of mine we go that water tested by none other than the government laboratory. Now, we got that paper back and I can show you a copy of that and I’ve got it here in my hand. This is the copy of the water that we got tested by the government, and you’re going to get the shock of your life when you see what was in the water that came out of the sky.

You ask the government what’s the chemtrails doing? What’s the HAARP activity in the sky doing?… and they’re going to give you a fub-off answer. They tell you that it’s national security or that’s classified information. Well you take this information, take this time lapsed film to the Department of Meteorology and see what they identify these clouds are. I’ll give you a hundred bucks if they give you the truth; classified or national security, it doesn’t matter. They have no right to poison the air we breathe and the water we drink. Have a look at this.

After 15mm of rain, about 1 PM 3rd December, the water from the sky had 28.9 PPM of heavy metal components. Why? This measurement should be 1 to 3 PPM. So why are the elected members of government allowing this poison to be in our air we breathe?

Now to compare what is regarded as a safe level for these elements, guess where we got the figures from? That’s right. Right out of the World Health Organization, their guidelines. In the water we tested that came out of the sky, it had, for example, 780 times over the safe level of aluminium. And they can tell you there that is causes a wide range of neurological ailments and Alzheimer’s disease. Arsenic was found, and it was 593 over the safe level of arsenic. Remember this is from eater coming out of the sky. This is from rain water. Look what it causes. Headaches, confusion, sleepiness, convulsions… arsenic poisoning causes vomiting, diarrhea, kidney, skin cancer, scrotal cancer, cancer of the liver – cancer of the lymphatic system, and lung cancer…

The main idea behind HAARP is the ability to direct electrons along the naturally occurring magnetic field lines of the Earth and accelerate them to near the speed of light to form a protective shell of highly excited particles that not only block communications worldwide, but destroy missiles and their trajectory as they descend from space. The effects can be localized by punching a hole through the ionosphere to superheat an area 30 kilometers in diameter into a plasma shield. Any missile or aircraft would be destroyed that tried to fly through the plasma, which s the fourth state of matter. A hole in the ionosphere could kill by allowing the solar radiation to strike the surface of the Earth unhindered. Weather modification can also be used as an instrument of warfare by manipulating the electrojet and the jet streams which dictate climate.

The project is a creation of the U.S. Air Force and [Office of] Naval Research. Publicly it is an ionospheric research instrument, but it can be used to control weather and do electromagnetic sweeps that be used for mind control of large populations.

HAARP, located 30 miles from Fairbanks Alaska, is the real focus of anti-missile defense that SDI, the Strategic Defense Initiative, purported to be, and much more. The public patent was titled A Method and apparatus for altering a region in the earth’s atmosphere, ionosphere, and/or magnetosphere. Dr. Bernard Eastlund, a physicist who holds a patent for the fusion torch also holds about a dozen other related patents that were eventually purchased by E-Systems and Raytheon.

Patent 4686605 claims the following uses.
“cause total disruption of all forms of communications over a very large portion of the Earth”
“missile or aircraft destruction, deflection, or confusion”
“weather modification by altering solar absorption”
“also altering composition of the atmosphere”

This patent was classified by the Navy under national security order in 1987, but other patents exists for purposes of:

Power beaming system (US Patent 5068669 )
Artificial ionospheric mirror composed of a plasma layer (US Patent 5041834)
Creation of artificial ionization clouds above the earth (US Patent 4999637)
Defense system for discriminating between objects in space (US Patent 4817495)
Nuclear-sized explosions without radiation (US Patent 4873928)

Hello I’m Dr. Leonard Horowitz, and this is an urgent news bulletin about a new flu that is said to be making its way from Mexico into the United States as I broadcast. Skyrocketing stock values at Novavax, Inc. precipitated by dozens of flu deaths in Mexico implicates a leading Anglo-American network of genetic engineers in a conspiracy to commit genocide. Dr. James S. Robertson, England’s leading bioengineer of flu viruses for the vaccine industry. An avid promoter of U.S. government funding for lucrative biodefense contracts, along with collaboraters at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (the CDC) helped Novavax, Inc. in Bethesda Maryland, produce genetically modified recombinants of the avian, swine, and Spanish flu viruses, H5N1 and H1N1 – Nearly identical to the unprecedented Mexican virus that has now spread to the United States.

The outbreak was precisely timed to promote the company’s new research and huge vaccine stockpiling contracts. Scientists at the CDC are implicated through collaborations and publications involving private contracts with Novavax, a company that obtains its quote “biosimilars” through the CDC influenza branch director Ruben O. Donis and Dr. Rick Bright, previously working with Donis at the CDC, now Novavax’s vice president of global influenza programs.

Evidence for this conspiracy to commit deadly duplicity in the vaccine industry includes the genetic markers on the novel flu virus, now spreading from Mexico to America. The virus is quote “genetically different from the fully human H1N1 seasonal influenza virus that has been circulating globally for the past few years” endquote Reuters and government officials say. The new flu virus contains DNA typical to avian, swine and human viruses. Including elements from European and Asian swine viruses. This is a description that is pathoneumonic or diagnostic of a virus that came from Robertson’s circle of friends. No other group in the world takes H5N1 Asian flu infected chickens, brings them to Europe, extracts their DNA, combines their proteins with H5N1 viruses from the 1918 Spanish flu isolant, additionally additionally mixes in swine flu genes from pigs, then reverse engineers them to affect humans. The end product that Reuters describes could only end up in Mexico via the United States from Britain in care of the CDC. Ruben Donis at the CDC had to have sent them to Novavax where Rick Bright’s team, now implicated in a conspiracy to commit genocide, the mass killing of people for profit, has some explaining to do.

…suddenly a meteorological radar registers the presence of a cloud, but it’s not clear how did this happen? The answer seems to be that this was the result of a military experiment. What are these mysterious trails and what is their purpose? We will try to find out…

The military planes of the German Federal Army are manipulating our climate; this is what the weather researchers are presuming and their suspicions are confirmed.

We can state with a 97% certainty that we have on our hands chemical trails (chemtrails) comprised by fine dust containing polymers and metals, used to disrupt radar signals. This is their main purpose, but I was surprised that this artificial cloud was so wide-spread. The radar images are stunning considering the needed tons of dispersed elements. Although, the federal army claims that only small amounts of material were propagated. The military heads claim that the substances used are not harmful.